The end result could be a prolonged stretch of bankruptcies unlike any in recent memory
Author of the article:
Meme-stock favourite AMC Entertainment Holdings Inc. is one example of a corporate zombie. Photo by Angela Weiss/AFP via Getty Images They are creations of easy credit, beneficiaries of central bank largesse. And now that the era of unconventional monetary policy is over, they’re facing a challenge like never before.
Advertisement 2 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
They are America’s corporate zombies, companies that aren’t earning enough to cover their interest expenses, let alone turn a profit. From meme-stock favourite AMC Entertainment Holdings Inc. to household names such as American Airlines Group Inc. and Carnival Corp., their ranks have swelled in recent years, comprising roughly a fifth of the country’s 3,000 largest publicly-traded companies and accounting for about US$900 billion of debt.
Now, some say, their time may be running short.
Companies that could once count on virtually unfettered access to the bond and loan markets to stay afloat are being turned away as investors girding for a recession close the spigot to all but the most creditworthy issuers.
Advertisement 3 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
The fortunate few that can still find willing lenders face significantly higher borrowing costs as the United States Federal Reserve raises interest rates to tame inflation of more than eight per cent. With surging input costs poised to eat away at earnings, it’s left a broad swath of corporate America with little margin for error.
The end result could be a prolonged stretch of bankruptcies unlike any in recent memory.
It’s only when the tide runs out that you figure out who is swimming naked
Komal Sri-Kumar
“When interest rates are at or close to zero, it’s very easy to get credit, and under those circumstances, the difference between a good company and a bad company is narrow,” said Komal Sri-Kumar, president of Sri-Kumar Global Strategies Inc. and former chief global strategist of TCW Group Inc. “It’s only when the tide runs out that you figure out who is swimming naked.”
Advertisement 4 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
Of course, there have been any number of moments over the past decade when zombie firms have appeared on the cusp of a reckoning, only for markets to be tossed a last-minute lifeline. But industry watchers note that what makes this time different is the presence of rampant inflation, which will limit the ability of policymakers to ride to the rescue at the 11th hour.
That’s not to say that a wave of defaults is imminent. The Fed’s unprecedented efforts to bolster liquidity following the onset of the pandemic allowed zombie companies to raise hundreds of billions of dollars of debt financing that could last months, even years.
Yet as the central bank works to quickly unwind the stimulus, the effects on credit markets are already plain to see.
Advertisement 5 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
Junk-rated companies, those ranked below BBB- by S&P Global Ratings and Baa3 by Moody’s Investors Service, have borrowed just US$56 billion in the bond market this year, a more than 75 per cent decline from a year ago.
Issuance in May of just US$2.2 billion is set to be the slowest for the month in data going back to 2002.
“If rates had not been so low, many of them would have gone under” already, said Viral Acharya, a professor at New York University’s Stern School of Business and former deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India. “Unless we have another full-blown financial crisis, I don’t think the Fed’s capacity to bail out is necessarily that high. Especially when they are explicitly saying they want to reduce demand. How is that consistent with keeping these firms alive?”
Advertisement 6 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
Raising cash in the leveraged loan market hasn’t been much easier amid concern monetary policy tightening could tip the U.S. into a recession. New loan starts of less than US$6 billion in May compare with more than US$80 billion in January, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
What’s worse, companies that piled loans onto their balance sheets to ride out the pandemic now face the daunting prospect of higher interest rates eating a larger and larger share of their earnings.
The Fed is set to boost its target rate by three percentage points by the end of next year, according to Bloomberg Economics, driving up floating-rate benchmarks that underpin corporate loans.
Even the few speculative-grade firms that can raise funds are having to pay up to tap the market.
Advertisement 7 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
A Carnival cruise ship docked in California. Photo by Lucy Nicholson/Reuters files Cruise-ship operator Carnival sold US$1 billion of eight-year notes that yield 10.5 per cent earlier this month, a stark contrast to the US$2 billion it was able to raise just seven months prior at a rate of six per cent.
At the same time, U.S. corporate profits fell in the first quarter by the most in almost two years as some companies struggled to pass along rising costs for materials, shipping and labour onto consumers.
Of the 50 largest zombies by outstanding debt, half reported lower operating margins in their latest results, data compiled by Bloomberg show. The trend is only going to get worse, according to Viktor Hjort, global head of credit strategy at BNP Paribas SA.
“Price increases have only been fairly recent,” he said. “We’ll see that start to have an impact in the second and third quarter results.”
Advertisement 8 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
Stumbling along Zombie firms get their nickname because of how they tend to stumble along, weighed down by their debt burdens yet with sufficient access to capital markets to roll over their obligations. They drag on overall productivity and economic growth because they can’t afford to invest in their businesses, and tie up assets that could be better used by stronger players.
While the exact criteria market experts use can vary, many economists consider zombies to have interest-coverage ratios below one over a given period. To account for the impact of the pandemic, Bloomberg’s analysis looked at the trailing 12-month operating income of firms in the Russell 3000 index relative to their interest expenses over the same span.
This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
Article content Roughly 620 companies didn’t earn enough to meet their interest payments over the past year, down from 695 12 months prior, but still well above pre-pandemic levels.
Matt Miller, a spokesperson for American Airlines, said the company has a “strong liquidity balance of US$15.5 billion and anticipates being profitable in the second quarter.”
American Airlines plans at an airport in Washington, U.S. Photo by Joshua Roberts/Reuters files A representative for Carnival said the company plans to have its entire global fleet sailing by the end of the year, and has been working over the past 12 months to refinance its debt at more attractive rates.
AMC didn’t respond to a request seeking comment.
One name no longer on the list is Exxon Mobil Corp., one of the biggest beneficiaries of rising oil prices and widening fuel margins. Booming profits have allowed the energy giant to pare down debt to US$48 billion, from roughly US$70 billion at the end of 2020.
This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
Article content A representative for Exxon didn’t respond to a request seeking comment.
‘More zombies’ Any significant uptick in bankruptcies will make it more difficult for the Fed to engineer a so-called soft landing that allows the U.S. to avoid a recession, according to Vincent Reinhart, chief economist at Dreyfus and Mellon.
“You worry that the mechanism of financial fragility generally, zombie firms in particular, are an accelerant to what the Fed does,” Reinhart said. “As rates rise it pushes more of those firms into distress, and amplifies the tightening by the Fed of financial conditions and credit availability.”
Remaking once solid investing strategies for today’s markets A good tale can tempt us to forget the truth about markets It’s hard to go against the market, but good investors live for times like these David Rosenberg: The crypto market is neither safe nor a haven — and now it’s hurting equities Advertisement 11 This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.
Equity investors may already be awakening to such risks. Zombie firms in the Russell 3000 have plunged 36 per cent over the past year on average, versus just 4.3 per cent for the broader gauge, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
Still, even as some zombies end up in bankruptcy, effectively killing them, new ones will emerge, as inflation pushes more companies into distress. The number of living-dead companies can stay close to current levels or even rise for some time, according to Noel Hebert, director of credit research at Bloomberg Intelligence.
“The combination of interest-rate hikes and inflation will produce more zombies,” Hebert said. “By year-end, we’ll have more.”
Bloomberg.com
Financial Post Top Stories Sign up to receive the daily top stories from the Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc.
By clicking on the sign up button you consent to receive the above newsletter from Postmedia Network Inc. You may unsubscribe any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link at the bottom of our emails. Postmedia Network Inc. | 365 Bloor Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3L4 | 416-383-2300